Concerning the Paleoindian Gordon Creek burial, Breternitz et al. This hypothesis is consistent with high population growth rates among early hunter-gatherer populations ( 19).ĭespite such theoretical considerations, some scholars have been reluctant to ascribe hunting functionality to tools associated with female burials ( 20– 22). Last, the residentially mobile lifestyle entailed by big-game specialization is quite conducive to human reproduction and, thus, female hunting-contrary to previous thinking-because it reduces net movement relative to central-place foraging strategies ( 18). Furthermore, peak proficiency in atlatl use can be achieved at a young age, potentially before females reach reproductive age, obviating a sex-biased technological constraint that would later intensify with bow-and-arrow technology ( 17). Pooling labor and sharing meat are necessary to mitigate risks associated with the atlatl’s low accuracy and long reloading times ( 16). Moreover, the primary hunting technology of the time-the atlatl or spear thrower-would have encouraged broad participation in big-game hunting. Communal hunting, which also appears to have deep evolutionary roots ( 15), would have encouraged contributions from females, males, and children whether in driving or dispatching large animals. Alloparenting, which appears to have deep evolutionary roots in the human species ( 14), would have freed women of child care demands, allowing them to hunt. Early subsistence economies that emphasized big game would have encouraged participation from all able individuals.
However, a number of scholars have theorized that such division of labor would have been less pronounced, altogether absent, or structurally different among our early hunter-gatherer ancestors ( 5– 13). Such observations would seem to suggest that this gendered behavioral pattern is an ancestral one, ostensibly stemming from life history traits related to pregnancy and child care, which constrain female subsistence opportunities ( 3, 4). While this is definitely pedophilic behavior, it's also worth noting Hisoka becomes attracted to others regardless of age or sex and judges them based on their potential as a strong fighter.Big-game hunting is an overwhelmingly male-biased behavior among recent hunter-gatherer societies ( 1, 2). Not to mention that the two characters who Hisoka directs much of these emotions towards are Gon and Killua. Both boys are 12 years old at the beginning of the series, whereas Hisoka is very much an adult, making the situation all the more problematic. While over-sexualized, perverted characters are not particularly jarring in the world of anime, it is jarring in Hunter x Hunter and Hisoka stands out for it. Even just thinking about such things gets him aroused as he becomes eager to kill and has been seen to go off the rails as his desire for blood and violence takes over.
His addiction to violence and fighting manifests as a strong sexual desire, one that strengthens as the unpredictability of battle gets him excited. The controversies begin with how Hisoka's bloodlust is portrayed in the Hunter x Hunter. His weapon of choice is a deck of playing cards that he uses to attack and kill. In addition to nen, Hisoka's combat ability is as cruel as it is elegant, implying that he has many years of fighting experience under his belt. Texture Surprise is a deceptive ability that allows him to change text and create a paper or cloth to alter something's appearance. Bungee Gum turns his aura into a flexible and durable substance, useful for offense, defense and laying traps for his opponents. His two main abilities are named after his favorite childhood sweets. Hisoka uses nen under the transmutation category, meaning that he can change the properties of his aura to mimic something else. Very little is known about Hisoka's past, only that he grew up in poverty and had a love of candy, especially "Bungee Gum" and "Texture Surprise." As such, this makes it difficult to decipher his true morals and intentions. Even in battle, Hisoka pulls many tricks to get into his opponent's head and take control. Related: Why Charmander Was the Worst Possible Choice for a Starting PokémonĪn intelligent jester, Hisoka is incredibly manipulative, spewing lies as naturally as breathing.
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